a1 2 : The full style of the Ottoman ruler was complex, as it was composed of several titles and evolved over the centuries. The title of sultan was used continuously by all rulers almost from the beginning. However, because it was widespread in the Muslim world, the Ottomans quickly adopted variations of it to dissociate themselves from other Muslim rulers of lesser status. Murad I, the third Ottoman monarch, styled himself sultan-i azam (the most exalted sultan) and hüdavendigar (emperor), titles used by the Anatolian Seljuqs and the Mongol Ilkhanids respectively. His son Bayezid I adopted the style Sultan of Rûm, Rûm being an old islamic name for Anatolia. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler: Sultan [Name] Khan.[55] Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the Western world with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of padishah far more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.[56] The full style of the Ottoman sultan once the empire's frontiers had stabilized became:[57]

"Người đứng đầu Gia tộc Osman, Sultan es Selatin (Sultan của các vị Sultan), Khakhan (Hãn của các vị hãn), người dẫn dắt các tín hữu và người kế nhiệm của Nhà tiên tri của Đức chúa trời, Người giám hộ thành Mecca, Medina và Jerusalem, Hoàng đế của ba thành phố Constantinopolis, Adrianople và Bursa, và các thành phố Damas và Cairo, cùng toàn thể Azerbaijan, của Magreb, của Barka, của Kairouan, của Aleppo, của người Ả Rập và của xứ Ba Tư thuộc Iraq, của Basra, của Al-Hasa strip, của Ar Raqqah, của Mosul, của Parthia, của Diyarbakır, của Cilicia, và của các tỉnh Erzurum, của Sivas, của Adana, của Karaman, của Van, của người Berber, của Abyssinia, của Tunisia, của Tripoli, của Damas, của Cộng hòa Síp, của Rhodes, của Crete, của các tỉnh xứ Morea, của biển Địa Trung Hải, và Biển Đen cũng như bờ biển xung quanh của nó, của Anatolia, Rumelia, Baghdad, Hy Lạp, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, của khu vực Kabarda, của Georgia, của steppe of Kypchaks, của các vùng đất của người Thát Đát, của Kefe, của tất cả các khu vực lân cận, của Bosnia, của thành phố và pháo đài Beograd, của tỉnh Serbia, và tất cả pháo đài và thành phổ trên toàn Albania, của vùng Eflak của Bogdania, cũng như tất cả các nước chư hầu, và các vùng đất khác.

b^ : The Ottoman Caliphate was one of the most important positions held by rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty. The caliphate symbolized their spiritual power, whereas the sultanate represented their temporal power. According to Ottoman historiography, Selim I acquired the title of caliph during his conquest of Egypt in 1517, after the last Abbasid in Cairo, Al-Mutawakkil III, relinquished the caliphate to him. However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that this transference of the caliphate was a fabricated myth invented in the 18th century when the idea of an Ottoman Caliphate became useful to bolster waning military power. In fact, Ottoman rulers had used the title of caliph before the conquest of Egypt, as early as Murad I. It is currently agreed that the caliphate "disappeared" for two-and-a-half centuries, before being revived with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed between the Ottoman Empire and Catherine II of Russia in 1774. The treaty was highly symbolic, since it marked the first international recognition of the Ottomans' claim to the caliphate. Although the treaty officialised the Ottoman Empire's loss of the Crimean Khanate, it acknowledged the Ottoman caliph's continuing religious authority over Muslims in Russia.[58] From the 18th century onwards, Ottoman sultans increasingly emphasized their status as caliphs in order to stir Pan-Islamist sentiments among the empire's Muslims in the face of encroaching European imperialism. When World War I broke out, the sultan/caliph issued a call for jihad in 1914 against the Ottoman Empire's Allied enemies, vainly inciting the subjects of the French, British và Nga empires to revolt. Abdülhamid II was by far the Ottoman sultan who made the most use of his caliphal position, and was recognized as caliph by many Muslim heads of state, even as far away as Sumatra.[59] He had his claim to the title inserted into the 1876 Constitution (Article 4).[60]c1 2 : Tughras were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with Orhan in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of Osman I, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered, although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul bin Gündüz Alp" has been identified.[61] Abdülmecid II, the last Ottoman caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a mere religious figurehead.d^ : The Ottoman Interregnum, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ: Fetret Devri), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara, which was fought on 20 tháng 7 năm 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until Mehmed I emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.[62]e^ : The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 tháng 11 năm 1922. Sultan Mehmed VI fled to Malta on 17 November aboard the British warship Malaya.[51] This event marked the end of the Ottoman Dynasty, not of the Ottoman State nor of the Ottoman Caliphate. On 18 November, the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin Abdülmecid II, the then crown prince, as caliph.[63] The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the Treaty of Lausanne (24 tháng 7 năm 1923), which recognized the new "Ankara government," and not the old Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 tháng 10 năm 1923, with Mustafa Kemal as its first President.[64] Although Abdülmecid II was a figurehead lacking any political power, he remained in his position of caliph until the office of the caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 tháng 3 năm 1924.[60] Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the Hejaz.[65]